Evaluation of ammonium issues in Indonesian groundwater: Potential sources and removal methods

Abstract Elevated concentration of ammonium (NH 4 + ) has been identified as one the problems with groundwater because it indicates anthropogenic disturbance. In this study, we evaluated NH presence in Indonesian and land-use conditions possibly related to issues. addition, research presents practical strategies for reducing concentrations groundwater. The spatial distribution shows that high levels are found densely populated areas. Furthermore, land-uses analysis reveals considerable were several land-uses, including settlement, agricultural, fishpond, industrial, garbage disposal, reaching 24.16, 7.73, 16.7, 7.42, 84.9 mg/L, respectively. However, statistical not all types significantly correlated contents. Based on p -value confidence interval 95%, settlements, brackishwater ponds, disposal. Similarly, industrial agricultural have positive correlations concentrations, although these insignificant. Finally, promising methods removal adsorption ion exchange using zeolite or biochar, which could reduce by 90% more. do require complicated application procedures.